It exemplifies the Mac's advantages over iOS for tinkerers and advanced users." In a 2013 article for Macworld, veteran Mac software developer and commentator John Gruber concluded his reflection on "the unlikely persistence of AppleScript" by noting: "In theory, AppleScript could be much better in practice, though, it's the best thing we have that works. In a 2006 article, Macworld included AppleScript among its rankings of Apple's 30 most significant products to date, placing it at #17. : 863 AppleScript Studio, released with Mac OS X 10.2 as part of Xcode, and later AppleScriptObjC framework, released in Mac OS X 10.6, allowed users to build Cocoa applications using AppleScript. At the same time, the shift to the Unix underpinnings and AppleScript's ability to run Unix commands directly, with the do shell script command, allowed AppleScripts much greater control over the operating system itself. Cocoa applications allow application developers to implement basic scriptability for their apps with minimal effort, broadening the number of applications that are directly scriptable. This was a key factor in retaining the Macintosh's dominant position in publishing and prepress, even after QuarkXpress and other publishing applications were ported to Microsoft Windows.Īfter some uncertainty about the future of AppleScript on Apple's next generation OS, the move to Mac OS X (around 2002) and its Cocoa frameworks greatly increased the usefulness and flexibility of AppleScript. This in turn led to AppleScript being widely adopted within the publishing and prepress world, often tying together complex workflows. 3.2) was one of the first major software applications that supported AppleScript. ĪppleScript was released in October 1993 as part of System 7.1.1 (System 7 Pro, the first major upgrade to System 7). Apple engineers recognized that a similar, but more object-oriented scripting language could be designed to be used with any application, and the AppleScript project was born as a spin-off of a research effort to modernize the Macintosh as a whole and finally became part of System 7. HyperTalk could be used by novices to program a HyperCard stack. In the late 1980s Apple considered using HyperCard's HyperTalk scripting language as the standard language for end-user development across the company and within its classic Mac OS operating system, and for interprocess communication between Apple and non-Apple products. Essential to its functionality is the fact that Macintosh applications publish "dictionaries" of addressable objects and operations.ĪppleScript has some elements of procedural programming, object-oriented programming (particularly in the construction of script objects), and natural language programming tendencies in its syntax, but does not strictly conform to any of these programming paradigms. As a structured command language, AppleScript can be compared to Unix shells, the Microsoft Windows Script Host, or IBM REXX but it is distinct from all three. Mainly, however, AppleScript relies on the functionality of applications and processes to handle complex tasks. AppleScript can do basic calculations and text processing, and is extensible, allowing the use of scripting additions that add new functions to the language. Apple events are designed to exchange data between and control other applications in order to automate repetitive tasks.ĪppleScript has some processing abilities of its own, in addition to sending and receiving Apple events to applications. AppleScript is related to, but different from, Apple events. OverviewĪppleScript is primarily a scripting language developed by Apple to do inter-application communication (IAC) using Apple events. The term "AppleScript" may refer to the language itself, to an individual script written in the language, or, informally, to the macOS Open Scripting Architecture that underlies the language. First introduced in System 7, it is currently included in all versions of macOS as part of a package of system automation tools. that facilitates automated control over scriptable Mac applications. com /library /archive /documentation /AppleScript /Conceptual /AppleScriptLangGuideĪppleScript is a scripting language created by Apple Inc.
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